Main article: United States federal judgeĪ judge of a United States district court is officially titled a "United States District Judge". The United States Tax Court has jurisdiction over contested pre-assessment determinations of taxes. The United States Court of Federal Claims has exclusive jurisdiction over most claims for money damages against the United States, including disputes over federal contracts, unlawful takings of private property by the federal government, and suits for injury on federal property or by a federal employee. The United States Court of International Trade addresses cases involving international trade and customs issues. There are other federal trial courts that have nationwide jurisdiction over certain types of cases, but the district court also has concurrent jurisdiction over many of those cases, and the district court is the only one with jurisdiction over civilian criminal cases. American Samoa does not have a district court or a federal territorial court, and so federal matters there are sent to either the District of Columbia or Hawaii. The territories ( insular areas) of Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the United States Virgin Islands each have one territorial court these courts are called "district courts" and exercise the same jurisdiction as district courts, but differ from district courts in that territorial courts are Article IV courts, with judges who serve ten-year terms rather than the lifetime tenure of judges of Article III courts, such as the district court judges. There is at least one judicial district for each state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. There are 89 districts in the 50 states, with a total of 94 districts including territories. When North Carolina and Rhode Island voted to ratify, a district was created for each of them bringing the number of districts to fifteen. When the Act was first passed, there were thirteen districts created among the eleven states which had ratified the constitution by that point. However, this view did not prevail, and the first Congress created the district court system that is still in place today. Indeed, after the ratification of the Constitution, some opponents of a strong federal judiciary urged that, outside jurisdictions under direct federal control, like Washington, D.C., and the territories, the federal court system be limited to the Supreme Court, which would hear appeals from state courts. There is no constitutional requirement that district courts exist at all. Supreme Court, which was established by Article III of the Constitution, the district courts were established by Congress under the Judiciary Act of 1789. state courts, federal district courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, and can only hear cases that involve disputes between residents of different states, questions of federal law, or federal crimes. Supreme Court.ĭistrict courts are courts of law, equity, and admiralty, and can hear both civil and criminal cases. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or directly to the U.S. court of appeals for the circuit in which they reside, except for certain specialized cases that are appealed to the U.S. District courts' decisions are appealed to the U.S. Each district court has at least one courthouse, and many districts have more than one. state or, in some cases, a portion of a state. There is one district court for each federal judicial district, which each cover one U.S. The United States district courts are the trial courts of the U.S.
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